ler:
San sine Both Te
astern And Western Canada

sheepsindugtry in Canada made
erable expansion during the war
There was some decrease dur-
the years 1921, 1922 and 1923, but
‘good prices which were maintain-
for jambs ani the upward trend in
prices has again stabilized the
rl Me dustry and the present tendency is
| Increase rather than decrease the
ize of flocks.
The estimated wool he crcan ol
he Dominiof for. 1923 was 15,539,416
jounds. Of this amount from 10,-
600,000 to 12,000,000 pounds passes
through the regular trade channels
"s and is sold either to Canadian mills
or is exported. The balance of the
wool clip is worked up local by far-
‘mers’ wives, being spun into yarn for
_ socks, mitts, underwear, sweaters and
other articles of apparel.
The sheep resources of Canada are
more or less unlimited in that there
_ is-abundance of waste lands in most
of the provinces admirably suited for
sheep raising. Furthermore, there
i are many farms, particularly in West-
. erm Canada, that as yet are carrying
to sheep. The climate and natural
topography of the country is admir-
ably suited to the raising of sheep.
In Eastern Canada on mixed farm
lands and in the grain belt of Western
' Canada, the small flock of ten to fifty
ewes is generaly kept. These flocks
_ can ‘be maintained at little expense
and return un excellent revenue tor
the labor requifed and movey invest-
ed. In th» rougher part of Eastern
Canada and in some districts of Mani-
toba larger flocks of from one to sev-
eral hundred head are kept
s semi-ranching conditions often by new
settlers who may have been originally
miners or fishermen. There are still
available many areas suitable for the
carrying of flocks of this size. In
Southwestern Saskatchewan, southern
_ and parts of Northern Alberia, and in
British Columbia, sheep ranching is
practised quite extensively, but even
in these proffices there are tracts of
Jand available for ranching or semi-
ranching purposes.
Wool produced from Canadian
_ sheep, both in the east and in the
west, is of a very high quality for each
- respective grade. Eastern wools are
all produced fron the domestic breeds

“con

eae
sah

ee

—

(one “of. sheép. They are very strong of

___» fibre and Poright in character. The

mai ‘bulk of eastern wools grade medium
‘2

combing and low medium combing
considerable quantities of low comb-
ing and coarse.. Eastern domestic
wools have excellent felting qualities

and are well adapted for the manufac-
ture of medium and heavy weight

_ goods, including serges and tweeds,
rugs, blankets, sweaters and under-
Wear.

4 2 In Western Canada the percentage
of domestic wools is steadily increas-
ing. There is also a probability that
the amount of range wools will be in-
creased considerably in the next five
years. Western domestic wools are

of much the same quality as eStern
wools although they probably run
more to the finer grades. The nature
of the soil and the openness of the

“country tends to the production of a
heayier shrinking wool.  Soil-drifting
also detracts from:the brightness of
the fleece and on this account grades
of western woo! are subdivided into
bright, semi-bright and dark. _ Wool
produced from Western Canad& range
sheep compares favorably with woo)
produced on other range areas of the

“-world, The bulk of the range wools

run to the fine, fine medium combing,

and medium combing grades.

Wool grading, which was first in-
stituted by the Dominion Livestock
Branch in 1913, has done much toim-
prove the market qualities of Cana-
dian wool. About twelve thousand
sheep raisers now consign their wool
ie for grading and co-operative sale.
This constitutes about one-quarter of
the sheep raisers. ‘The growers,have
their own marketing agency, the’ Can-

=  adian Co-operative Wool Growers,
4 Ltd. This organization is an affilia-
___ tion of some thirty wool growers’ as-
es sociations and handles_ all the co-
a operative shipments consigned for

government grading.
if As a result of grading, Canadian
wools are now purchased freely on a
_ graded basis in the United States and
in Great Britain aswell as by Cana-
dian mills. The more general/use of
~ pure-bred rams js steadily increasing
the percentaye of the higher grades
and, having in mind the present strong

fidently expected that wool production
“ will materially increase during the
_ Next few years.

Decay of wood is not due to direct
chemical action or the action of the
elements, but 1s always the result
of the activity of low forms of plant

under |}

with some fine medium combing and oF

demand for breeding ewes, it is con-|_

Natural Resources Bulletin

y to Find
Our Better Grades of Timber
The Natural Resources Intelligence

For

Seryice of the Department of the In-
terior ht Ottawa says: rf
Time wain Canada when nothing

but clear white pine would be consid-
ered in building operations. White
pine was the standard lumber for
practically all purposes, and the eut of
this universally adaptable timber was
enormous. %

This demand. of the market and
forest fires haye had their effect upon
this favored species, however, with
the result that white pine is not as
plentiful as heretofore, and many
other varieties have had to be substi-
tuted in building construction.

Spruce has largely taken the place
of white pine. One-third of Canada’s
lumber cut is now obtained from
spruce, while the Douglas fir of British
Columbia furnishes about 15 per cent.

With the advance in prices of pine
and spruce, the hemlock is finding a
larger market. At first only the bet-
ter grades of hemlock were saleable,
but with the increasing scarcity ot
the better woods the lower grades
have now come ‘nto use for purposes
where a higher grade lumber is not
required. Hemlock is a fairly stiff
wood, but rather splintery. It holds
nails well, and where ft is kept dry or
where it is-continually under water it
is fairly lasting. \

The demand for lumber and the
enormous losses of valuable species
by forest fives are gradually forcing
cheaper and poorer grades of timber
on the market. While at present
those being used are quite satisfactory
for ordinary purposes, there can be no
question that we will continually have
to find substitutes as our better timber
grows scarcer.

Dip the Sheep In the? Fall
eS
Fall Dipping Just As Important As
Spring Dipping
Sheep should be dipped at least
once a year, and two dippings, one in
the spring and another in the fall, are
advisable, Fall dipping is just as im-
portant as spring dipping, but, says
Mr. A. A, MacMillan, Chief, Sheep and
‘Swine Division, Dominion Department
of Agriculture, ina four-page leaflet
n “Sheep Dipping,” it is often neg-
lected owing to the fact that ticks are
then niore difficult to see, and farmers
are Jed to think that none are pres-
ent. A few ticks in the fall will mul-
tiply many tinies before spring. Sep-
tember or October are the best months
for fall dipping. If the weather
turns cold, the flock should be housed
for a night or two until the fleece dries
out. The leaflet states that while the
cost of dipping should not exceed
three cents per head, the saving in
feed and wool may easily amount to
from 50 cents to $1.50 per ewe.

Had Railroad Laws
Before Railways

Ancient Act Recently Unearthed In
‘ Archives in Florida
The far-sightedness of Florida]

legislators of the nineteenth century
is disclosed in an old law unearthed
in the archives of the state capitol
at Tallahassee. It is an act which
became effective in January, 1885, and
provided heavy penalties for em-
ployees of railroads found guilty of be-
ing intoxicated while in the perform-
ance of their duty.

At the time of its enactment there
were no railroads in Florida. The
act, however. imposed upon the gen-
eral assembly the duty of ascertain-
ing the proper objects of improve-
ments in relation to railroads, canals
and navigable streams; and indicates
the presentiment the lawmakers must
have had that liguor and locomotives
combined would not make for public
safety.

Boys From British Isles

Fifty more boys from all parts of
the British Isles arrived at Brandon
recently under the auspices of the Sal-
vation Army and were placed on
farms. This is the third party under
the Salvation Army immigration
scheme to arrive at Brandon, the first
two aggregating two hundred
boys, nea all of whom are now set-
tled on farms in the neighborhood.

e

Claims World’s Record

A world’s record for his Senlor two-
year-old Holstein Fresian heifer Wil-
liamsburg Pontiac, is claimed by Dr.
M. W. Locke, Williamsburg, as the re-
sult of a 30-day test showing produc- |
tion of 2,788.5 pounds of milk and
113.82 pounds butterfat equivalent to
142.28 pounds of dutter.

Harrowing & man’s feeling’s won't

“ling from 3.3 to 4.3 per cent.

Herd At Brandon

First To Be) Declared Free From
Tuberculosis and Officially
Accredited
The cattle herd at the Brandon,
Manitoba, Experimental Farm, con-
sists of dual purpose Shorthorns, the

‘| foundation stock having been import-

ed from England about twenty years
ago. Since that time the milk-pro-
ducing qualities have been further de-
veloped and the herd has been im-
proved from the standpoint of unifor-
mity of type. When introducing new
sires, care has been taken to obtain
animals of good individual type and
descended from: good milk-prodycing
ancesary. Poor females have been
removed from time to time, until the
present herd has reached a high state
Of excellence from the standpoint of
both beef and milk production. This
herd was one of the first to be declar-
ed free from tuberculosis and officially
accredited.

Last year the milking herd number-
ed twelve head, ranging in age from
2 to 9 years. During the lactation
periods, extending from 237 to 486
days, the yield of milk ranged from
3,293 to 7.590 pounds, showing an
average percentage of butterfat vary-
Valuing
the milk at two cents ver pound, and
the feeds at $4 per ton for silage, $3
per ton for oat and barley straw, $10
per ton for hay, and 1 cents per
pound for mixed meal, the cost per
hundred pounds of milk yaried from
85 cents to $2.10. The cow, a seyen-
year-old, that produced only 3,293
pounds of mill, snowed a loss of $3.46
for“ the year, whereas al) the other
members of the milk herd made a
profit ranging from $19.90 up to $65.84
per head.

*The rations given the cows consist-
ed of pasture Qunng the summer sup-
plemented by a meal ration fed in
direct proportion to the amount of
milk given by cach animal. The
meal ration used consisted of equal
parts of oat chop and bran. One
pound of this mixture was fed for
every 344 pounds of milk given. Dur-
ing. the winter month; the cows re-
ceived as roughage, cut oat straw, al-
falfa hay, corn and sunflower silage,
and mangels. The feed is prepar-
ed by mixing the silage and cut straw
together and feeding it twice a day,
morning and evening. The meal ration
is fed at the same time. Roots are
given just before noon ‘and the al-
falfa hay early in the afternoon.
These rations are given at the rate
per day of silage, 40 pounds; mangels,
20 pounds; cut 2at straw, 10 pounds;
alfalfa hay, 10 pounds; and meal, one
pound for every 3%% pounds of milk
given.

New Egyptian Find
Remnants of a civilization believed |

to be 12,000 years old have been un- iRorey on the market.”

covered by the British School ot

Archaeology in Upper Egypt, 30 miles |

south of Assiout. One of the relics |
is an ivory female figure, five inches
high, with a slender body, the head
wide above, a pointed chin, a Jarge
nose and {hin lips.

ow 6)

Airplane Company For North Country
The Edmonton and Grande Prairie
Aircraft Company has “been incorpor-
ated with an authorized capital of
$20,000. It is the intention of the
company to operate between the Al-
berta capital and the north country.

Canada has over 2,100,000 persons
or nearly one-fourth of its population
at school, according to the aniiual re-
port on education statistics, issued by
the Bureau of Statistics at,Ottawa.

who can boast of apple blossom
honey. It is different in taste to
-\|heather honey and da-ker in color,

SIR CHARLES MADDEN
who has just been appointed Admiral
of the Fleet, a position which places
him in command of the whole British
navy.

Stimulating Bees With ‘Electricity

English Farmer Has Special
Heated and Lighted

Shed

These are quickening times, and
even the busy bee is being made
busier!

Stimulated by electricity, the bees
of R. Borlase Matthews, of East Grin-

stead, Eng., haye been ingeniously
“deceived into working all the year
round,”

Most of the work on the farm is
done by electric nower, including the
heating of incubators, the milking of
cows, and hayiaking without sun-
shine. _ ; .

“I have been able to induce the bees
to start work outside the hives long
before their usual time,” said Mr.
Matthews.

“All the hives were brought togeth-
er under cover in a special shed elec-
trically heated and electrically light-
ed. aa

“After inducing the queen bee to lay
eggs before her time the other bees,
following their justinet of leadership,
left their hives to collect honey, -

“The shed containing the hives had
been placed near an apple orchard.

“Then at least a month before
other bees had begun to think of yen-
turing outside, thousands of my bees
flew out every day and gathered honey
with aJl their might from the apple
blossoms.

“I believe I am the only beekeeper

but it makes excellent eating and has
|enabled me to place the first new

The insurance agent advised a
| negro to take out an insurance policy.

“You never know what may happem
And there’s your wife to consider.”
““Lawdy!” said the negro, who was
thoroughly marricd, “I ain't any too
safe at home as it is, sah!”

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle says that
he adopted the nane “Holmes” as the
name of his detective hero simply be-
cause it was commonplace; and ‘that
“Sherlock” was the surname of a man
against whom he once scored thirty
runs at cricket. ;

Every time an heiress hears a noise
like a title she pees to sit up and
take notice.

ss

New steel
car, Mount Geikie, used on the Con-
tinental Limited of the Canadian Na-
tional Railways for the comfort and

convenience of passengers wishing to] allowing
In| while

view the scenic Rockies in comfort.
the central portion of the cax there is
seating capacity for 36 persons and

-[an additional ag. ccalpy. chairs are car-
a.

| SEEING THE ROCKIES IN COMFORT 7

mountain observation, ried at each open observation end of

|

the car. The car is heated by a vap-
or heating and windows in
the body of the car extend to the roof,
clear vision to passengers
sitting or standing. Comfort-

em,

West po Of Gos Now

Brought Within Easy Reach By
Opening Roads F For Motor Travel

Textile Shipment ‘ei

From Germany To U.S.)
Have cine Virtually To the Pre-
War Basis |

Textile shipments to the United
States from Crefeld, the Elberfeld-
Barmen district and other German
manufacturing centres have returned
virtually to the pre-war basis. Ship-
ments of nearly all other commodities
frgm Germany to America are far be-
low normal, however, owing to the
preyailing high prftes, practically on
everything Manufaetured in that coun-
try. ‘

Many of the fabrics, consisting
chiefly of dress materials, silks, miil-
‘inery trimmings and other articles
for women’s wear, aré made especial-
ly for the American trade, on mail or
telegraphic order, and on an average
are of a higher Guat than taken by
any other country. ~Some of the tex-
tiles which have gone forward to the
United States recently were contract-
ed for prior to the occupation of the
Rubr by the French and Belgian forces
in. January, 1923, the delay in filling
the orders being due to the fact that
for many months last year ihe plants
in the textile manufacturing areas
were at a_ standstill as part of the
German prog:anme of passive resist-
ance.

The demand for high-grade dress
materials is so great in the United
States,- according to textile manufac
turers there, that the American im-
porters can afford to pay the increased
cost which in many instances is
double that of the period prior to the
war. Iyel Ds

Right Weight For Marketing Hogs

Should Be Marketed At An Average
Weight of Two Hundred Pounds
Mr, A. A. MacMillan, Chief of the

Sheep and Swin» Division of the Do-
minion Livestock Branch, has this to
Say regarding the rigut weight for
marketing hogs: Farmers who aim to
market a high percentage of hogs of
the select bacon grade, after first hay-
ing made sure that their breeding
stock is of the right type and confor-
mation, should feed in accordance with
recognized and approved methods, and
aim to market each litter at an aver-
age weight of two hundred pounds.
There might, of course, be times
when a falliug market wouid warrant
selilng at slightly lighter weights,
whereas a rising market might be an
inducement to feed somewhat longer.
Any great deyialien from the two hun-
dred pound average will undoubtedly
result in the sale of under-finished
hogs if early marketing is practiced;
whereas, if it is exceeded to any great
extent a percentaze of heavy hogs will
result.

In another part of his ‘“Handbook on
Hog Grading,” from which the forego-
fhg exiract Js taken, Mr. MacMillan,
dealing with heavy and extra heavy
grades, remarks that when closer at-
tention is paid to finishing at the 200-
pound average, very few hogs will be
marketed at oyer weight, and the ex-
tra heavy grade. with few exceptions,
will include only those held for breed-
ing purposes which have proved
sterile.

Output Of Creamery Butter

Production Has Gone Up By Seven
Per Cent.

The quantity of creamery butter
made in Canada in 1923 was 163,456,-
759 pounds, yalued at $56,894,008, an
increase in quantity over the pfeced-
ing year of 10, 859 pounds, or sey-
en per cent., an increase in value of
$3,440, or six per cent,

The average price per pound for the
whole of Canada was 34 cents in 1923
compared with 35 cents in 192) The
production of creamery butter in 1923
exceeds in quantify the production of
any previous yesr and'fs exceeded in

alue only by that of 1920 when the
age price per pound was 57 cents

a

37,000 Harvesters Required

An estimate of 37,000 harvesters for
Western Canada arrived at by
railway and employment officials at a
meeting held’a few days ago in the
Canadian National Railways offices in
Winnipeg It is expected that 19,000
men will be available locally and from
British Columbia, the remaining 18,
000 to be brought from Eastern Can-
ada.

was

Building In Sasiatchentn
Building construction in Saskatche-
wan actually started during the month
of June was valued ‘at $674,000, an in-

crease of $114,178 over the month of
June, 192; Building permits in
Moose Jaw for the first half of the

year totalled $390,347, and in Saska-

toon to $936,130.

able, roomy seats have besn. provide
which are upholats ed will
omed pash 9 ans
us
Ss

wt

During the recent years there has
been a noticeable increase in the inter-
/est shown by Canadians in the beauty

|

ialities latent in its great natural
ieoeaie resources The motor car,
which has revclutionized modern
modes of travel, js taking people into
the open and giving them opportuni-
ties to see the wonders of nature such
as they never before had, and in this
way our citizens, in growing numbers,
are beginning to realize the extent of
the nation’s wealth of scenery aud
especially to appreciate the rich pos-
Ysibilities for enjoyiaent and recreation
offered by the Canadian National
Parks. The construction and main-
tenance of good motor roads is in keep-
ing with the demands of the age and
of the ever-increasing army of motor
tourists, the members of which go
their way bringing benefits to them-
selves and to the communities they
visit.

A good part at least of the steady
growth in the number of visitors to
the parks must be attributed to motor
travel. Last year 8,000 cars entered
Banff National Park, the najority of
which were owned by Canadians.
Many of these yisiiors come with tents
and camping equipment and spend
their entire holiday in the park. The
use that is being made of the parks
in this way is a theroughly democratic
one and in keeping with /the ideals
behind their creation. For while no
one can travel through the Canadian
Rockies or spend even a few hours
Among the wonders of the National

U6n of the greatness and beauty of
Canada, and of the possibilities of na-
tional life, still the mountains yield
their real riches only to those who
‘come and live among them, absorbing
through weeks their silent strength
and peaceful sevenily. These are
benefits the parks were created to give
and they cannot be gained by the
visitor who rushes through them in w
few’ hours either by railway train or
motor car.

The extension of ecne! roads in the
parks has done much to bring the
visitor Into closer touch with those
points of greatest, scenic attraction
and the erection-o tea-houses, camps,
and other conyealenees along the prin-
cipal highways has contributed to the
enjoynient of the visit. The great
advantage of motor over railway
travel is that ic permits the traveller
to take his time. He may start when
he will an1 stop where he pleases and
there will be no time-table to regulate
his proceedings.

In order that the extent of the high-
ways constructed and maintained by
the Canadian National Parks Branch
of the Department of the Interior may
be the better reafized a few compari-
sons with prominent highways will be
of interest. The totallength of the
motor roads-in use in the parks is a
little over 330 mites, a mileage nearly
as great as that of the famous Colum-
bia River highway in the state of Ore-
gon, and practically the same as tha
of the road between Montreal and
Toronto. Banff National Park, the
oldest and best Imown of the parks,
contains 130 miles of motor road, in-
cluding a greater part of the Banff-
Windermere _hizhway. Sixty-two
miles of the Banff-Windermere road
extends through Kootenay National
Park; Tasper Park contains 39 miles_
of motor road. including the complet-
ed portion of the new Edith Cayell
highway; Waterton Lakes and Yoho
Parks each have 33% miles of good
roads; and the remaining 35 miles of
the total {is divided among Mount
Revelstoke, Glacler, Point, Pelee, Blk
Island and Buffato National Parks.
During the present season the con-
struction of new roads fs being con-
fined almosl entirely to Jasper Park,
although maintenance work is being
continued on all the other park roads.
The Edith Cavell highway, which has
been constructed to within five and
two-third miles of the base of Mount
Edith Cavell, will be completed this
year, but will not be open for traffic
until next season. The road gives
access to One of the most impressive
scenic regions in Jasper Park and will
bring visitors to the base of this
famous mountain memorial, with its
solemn Ghost glacier. Work on the
Jasper high y is being continued on
the fifteen-mile stretch from the
of Jasper to Pocahontas, which is the
starting point for the well known
Miette hot springs. Clearing on the
proposed motor road from Laggan in
Banff National Park to Field in Yoho
Park is miso Leing carried forward this
year.

town

Put to Good Use
Farmer.—Susle, let
lipstick a moment.
Daughter.—What for, dad?

me take your

Farmer.—I want to touch up the old

tue their own country and the poten-_

ae Withovi gaining a new concep-_

Pet |